H673 Degenerative Myelopathy, DM

Degenerative Myelopathy Exon 2 (DM Exon 2)

Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is an incurable progressive neurodegenerative disease of the spinal cord. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by progressive loss of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) which leads to deficiencies in function. In the case of DM, the affected region is the spinal cord, which results in ataxia (a loss of coordination). DM is similar in many ways to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in humans.

This variant of the disease, sometimes designated as SOD1A or as Degenerative Myelopathy Exon 2, occurs in many different breeds. It is caused by an autosomal recessive with incomplete penetrance mutation to the gene SOD1. Although the mutation is found in many breeds, the disease is rarely diagnosed in breeds or in mixed-breed dogs other than those mentioned for this test. A related variant specific to the Bernese Mountain Dog has also been observed. When testing a Bernese Mountain Dog for DM, it is important to test for both of these variants, as opposed to only one.

For DM in Pembroke Welsh Corgis there are also multiple Degenerative Myelopathy Risk Modifiers (DMRM) descibed in literature. These SP110 mutations are available for testing in a different package.

Degenerative Myelopathy Exon 2 (DM Exon 2) (External Patent Lab)

Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is an incurable progressive neurodegenerative disease of the spinal cord. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by progressive loss of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) which leads to deficiencies in function. In the case of DM, the affected region is the spinal cord, which results in ataxia (a loss of coordination). DM is similar in many ways to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in humans.

This variant of the disease, sometimes designated as SOD1A or as Degenerative Myelopathy Exon 2, occurs in many different breeds. It is probely caused by an autosomal recessive mutation with incomplete penetrance to the gene SOD1. The variant is found in many breeds, but the disease is rarely diagnosed in breeds or in mixed-breed dogs other than those mentioned for this test.

For DM in Pembroke Welsh Corgis there are also multiple Degenerative Myelopathy Risk Modifiers (DMRM) descibed in literature. These SP110 mutations are available for testing in a different package.

Degenerative Myelopathy Risk Modifier (DMRM, 5 variants)

Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is an incurable progressive neurodegenerative disease of the spinal cord. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to functional impairments. In the case of DM, the affected region is the spinal cord, which results in ataxia (a loss of coordination) and paresis of the hind legs. DM is similar in many ways to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in humans.
In Pembroke Welsh Corgi (PWC) a risk modifier has been found in the SP110 nuclear body protein. When present alongside a homozygous SOD1 (DM Exon 2) mutation, this modifier may increase the risk of developing DM and clinical signs will occur at an earlier age.

Most dogs affected with DM begin to show signs at 9 years of age or older. These signs include reduced strength in the hind legs, incontinence, hyporeflexia, spasticity, and pelvic limb ataxia. The disease progressively worsens, eventually leading to complete paralysis.

When one or more SP110 Degenerative Myelopathy Risk Modifiers (DMRM) are present in a Pembroke Welsh Corgi, alongside a SOD1 mutation, clinical signs will likely start at an earlier age.

Degenerative Myelopathy Exon 1 (DM Exon 1) – Bernese Mountain Dog

Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is an incurable progressive neurodegenerative disease of the spinal cord. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by progressive loss of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) which leads to deficiencies in function. In the case of DM, the affected region is the spinal cord, which results in ataxia (a loss of coordination). DM is similar in many ways to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in humans.

This variant of the disease, known as SOD1B or as Degenerative Myelopathy Exon 1, occurs specifically in the Bernese Mountain Dog. It is caused by an autosomal recessive with incomplete penetrance mutation to the gene SOD1. A related variant has been observed in a wide range of breeds. When testing a Bernese Mountain Dog for DM, it is important to test for both of these variants, as opposed to only one.

Leukoencephalomyelopathy – LEMP (Leonberger)

Leukoencephalomyelopathy (LEMP) is a severe, degenerative neural disorder that occurs in young dogs and causes a progressive loss of muscle coordination. The disorder is caused by a recessive mutation to the gene NAPEPLD. The variant of LEMP analysed in this test occurs in the Leonberger. A related variant is found in the Great Dane and Rottweiler.

Hereditary Necrotizing Myelopathy (HNM)

Hereditary Necrotising Myelopathy (HNM), also known as ENM, is an inherited neurological disorder that affects the spinal cord. It leads to degeneration of the white matter, resulting in loss of coordination and mobility. The disorder is caused by a mutation in the IBA57 gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. HNM has, so far, been observed only in the Kooikerhondje breed.

Spongiform Leukoencephalomyelopathy (SLEM) – Border Terrier (External Lab)

Spongiform Leukoencephalomyelopathy (SLEM) also known as shaking puppy syndrome (SPS), is an autosomal recessive disease for the Border Terrier breed. Puppies with this disease show uncontrollable shaking of their hind limbs as soon as they first attempt to stand and walk. As the puppies grow, the shaking may spread to the entire body and the prognosis is generally poor.

Degenerative Encephalopathy (DEN)

Degenerative Encephalopathy with Sleep Disorders and Caudate Necrosis or simply Degenerative Encephalopathy (DEN) is a neurological condition that affects the nervous system and leads to progressive degeneration or complete destruction of neurons in the brain, specifically in the region of the brain that is important in controlling movement and some aspects of behaviour.

This neurodegenerative disease has an autosomal recessive inheritance and is observed in the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (NSDTR, Toller).

Leukodystrophy

Canine Spongiform Leukoencephalomyelopathy (SLEM), also known as simply Leukodystrophy, is a severe degenerative neurological disease that causes weakness, paralysis and spastic movement. The disorder is caused by a mitochondrial mutation to the gene CYTB, and is found in the Australian Cattle Dog and the Shetland Sheepdog.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 12 (NCL12) – Tibetan Terrier

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL) is the name for a wide array of degenerative neurological conditions which cause progressive nerve damage, resulting in a loss of mobility and vision, and ultimately death. The variant analysed in this test, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 12 (NCL12), is caused by a recessive mutation to the gene ATP13A2. It is found in the Tibetan Terrier. A related variant is also found in the Australian Cattle Dog.

Hereditary Ataxia (SCA) – Australian Shepherd

Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy is a form of hereditary ataxia, sometimes referred to as spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). This severe neurological disorder leads to a loss of coordination, muscle weakness, and sensory impairments. It is caused by a recessive mutation in the PNPLA8 gene. As the disease progresses, affected dogs may experience a significantly diminished quality of life, often leading to euthanasia. This variant specifically affects Australian Shepherds.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 10 (NCL10) – American Bulldog

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL) is the name for a wide array of degenerative neurological conditions which cause progressive nerve damage, resulting in a loss of mobility and vision, and ultimately death. The variant analysed in this test, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 10 (NCL10), is caused by a recessive mutation to the gene CTSD. It is found in the Amerian Bulldog.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 12 (NCL12) – Australian Cattle Dog

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL) is the name referring to a wide array of degenerative neurological conditions which cause progressive nerve damage, resulting in a loss of mobility and vision, and ultimately death. This variant, occurring in the Australian Cattle Dog, is known as Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 12 (NCL12), and is caused by a recessive mutation to the gene ATP13A2. A related variant also occurs in the Tibetan Terrier.

Gangliosidosis (GM1) – Korat and Siamese

La gangliosidose (GM1) est une maladie neurodégénérative mortelle. L’enzyme lysosomale β-D-galactosidase fend les résidus terminaux de galactose d’une variété de molécules. En raison d’une mutation, l’enzyme ne peut plus être produite correctement, ce qui conduit à une accumulation de gangliosides GM1 (un type de glycolipide) dans divers tissus.

Achromatopsia 2 (Day Blindness) – Labrador Retriever

Achromatopsia (ACHM), also called Cone Degeneration Disease (CD), is a degenerative disorder of the retinas that damages cone cells and causes vision loss, colour blindness and sensitivity to light. This variant of the disease, known as Achromatopsia-2, is found in the Labrador Retriever. It is caused by a recessive mutation to the gene CNGA3. A related variant of the disorder is also found in the German Shepherd.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 5 (NCL5) – Golden Retriever

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL) is the name referring to a wide array of degenerative neurological conditions which cause progressive nerve damage, resulting in a loss of mobility and vision, and ultimately death. This variant, occurring in the Golden Retriever, is the result of a recessive mutation to the CLN5 gene. A similar mutation also occurs in the Australian Cattle Dog and Border Collie.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 7 (NCL7)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL) is the name referring to a wide array of degenerative neurological conditions which cause progressive nerve damage, resulting in a loss of mobility and vision, and ultimately death. This variant, known as Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 7 (NCL 7) is caused by a recessive mutation to the gene MFSD8, and occurs in the Chinese Crested Dog and Chihuahua.

Gangliosidosis (GM2 Type I) – Japanese Chin

Gangliosidosis (GM2 Type I) is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the HEXA and HEXB genes. These mutations lead to a deficiency of an enzyme that is crucial for breaking down ganglioside GM2 in cells, especially in the brain. As a result, gangliosides build up in nerve cells, causing their dysfunction and death. This buildup leads to worsening neurological damage and severe symptoms over time. Here we test for an autosomal recessive mutation in HEXA in the Japanese Chin dog (also known as Japanese Spaniël).

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 8-2 (NCL8-2)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a wide array of degenerative neurological conditions which cause progressive nerve damage, resulting in a loss of mobility and vision, and ultimately death. This variant, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis type 8 (NCL8), occurs in the Australian Shepherd and German Shorthaired Pointer. It is caused by a recessive mutation to the gene CLN8. Other breeds that carry mutations for NCL8 include the English Setter, Alpenländische Dachsbracke, and Saluki.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 6 (NCL6) – Australian Shepherd

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL) is the name referring to a wide array of degenerative neurological conditions which cause progressive nerve damage, resulting in a loss of mobility and vision, and ultimately death. This variant of the disease, known as Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 6 (NCL6), is found in the Australian Shepherd, and is caused by a recessive mutation to the gene CLN6.

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